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PDF
# TypeScript Fundamentals ## JavaScript with Superpowers 🔧 Add type safety to your JavaScript
## What is TypeScript? - **Superset** of JavaScript - Adds static type checking - Compiles to JavaScript - Developed by Microsoft - Industry standard for large projects
## Why TypeScript? ### Benefits - Catch errors at compile time - Better IDE support - Improved refactoring - Self-documenting code - Better team collaboration ### Trade-offs - Learning curve - Build step required - More verbose code
## Basic Types ```typescript // Primitives let name: string = "John"; let age: number = 30; let isActive: boolean = true; // Arrays let numbers: number[] = [1, 2, 3]; let names: Array<string> = ["Alice", "Bob"]; // Any (avoid when possible) let anything: any = "could be anything"; ```
## Object Types ```typescript // Object type annotation let person: { name: string; age: number; email?: string; // Optional property } = { name: "John", age: 30 }; // Index signature let scores: { [key: string]: number } = { math: 95, science: 87 }; ```
## Interfaces ```typescript interface User { id: number; name: string; email: string; isAdmin?: boolean; } const user: User = { id: 1, name: "Alice", email: "alice@example.com" }; ```
### Extending Interfaces ```typescript interface Person { name: string; age: number; } interface Employee extends Person { employeeId: string; department: string; } const emp: Employee = { name: "Bob", age: 25, employeeId: "EMP001", department: "Engineering" }; ```
## Functions ```typescript // Function declaration function greet(name: string): string { return `Hello, ${name}!`; } // Arrow function const add = (a: number, b: number): number => a + b; // Optional parameters function buildName(first: string, last?: string): string { return last ? `${first} ${last}` : first; } // Default parameters function greetUser(name: string = "Guest"): string { return `Welcome, ${name}!`; } ```
## Union Types ```typescript // Union types type Status = "loading" | "success" | "error"; let currentStatus: Status = "loading"; // Function with union parameters function formatValue(value: string | number): string { if (typeof value === "string") { return value.toUpperCase(); } return value.toString(); } ```
## Type Aliases ```typescript // Type alias type Point = { x: number; y: number; }; type ID = string | number; // Function type type EventHandler = (event: Event) => void; const onClick: EventHandler = (e) => { console.log("Clicked!"); }; ```
## Classes ```typescript class Animal { private name: string; protected species: string; constructor(name: string, species: string) { this.name = name; this.species = species; } public getName(): string { return this.name; } } class Dog extends Animal { constructor(name: string) { super(name, "Canine"); } public bark(): void { console.log(`${this.getName()} barks!`); } } ```
## Generics ```typescript // Generic function function identity<T>(arg: T): T { return arg; } const stringResult = identity<string>("hello"); const numberResult = identity<number>(42); // Generic interface interface Container<T> { value: T; getValue(): T; } const stringContainer: Container<string> = { value: "hello", getValue() { return this.value; } }; ```
## Utility Types ```typescript interface User { id: number; name: string; email: string; password: string; } // Partial - makes all properties optional type UserUpdate = Partial<User>; // Pick - select specific properties type UserPublic = Pick<User, 'id' | 'name' | 'email'>; // Omit - exclude specific properties type UserCreate = Omit<User, 'id'>; ```
## Type Guards ```typescript // typeof guard function padLeft(value: string, padding: string | number) { if (typeof padding === "number") { return Array(padding + 1).join(" ") + value; } if (typeof padding === "string") { return padding + value; } } // Custom type guard function isString(value: any): value is string { return typeof value === "string"; } ```
## Modules ```typescript // math.ts export function add(a: number, b: number): number { return a + b; } export const PI = 3.14159; // app.ts import { add, PI } from './math'; const result = add(2, 3); console.log(`PI is ${PI}`); ```
## Configuration ### tsconfig.json ```json { "compilerOptions": { "target": "ES2020", "module": "ESNext", "strict": true, "esModuleInterop": true, "skipLibCheck": true, "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true }, "include": ["src/**/*"], "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"] } ```
## Best Practices - ✅ Enable strict mode - ✅ Use interfaces for object shapes - ✅ Prefer type unions over any - ✅ Use meaningful type names - ✅ Leverage type inference - ❌ Avoid any type - ❌ Don't over-engineer types
# Start Using TypeScript Better JavaScript through static typing [Back to presentations](/slides/)
